fn use_integer(param: i32) {
    println!("in use_integer(), param={:?}", param);
}

fn main() {
    let var1 = 123;
    let var2 = var1;   // the value in var1 is COPIED into var2
    use_integer(var1); // the value in var1 is COPIED into param
    use_integer(var2); // the value in var2 is COPIED into param
    println!("var1={:?}", var1);
    println!("var2={:?}", var2);
}
/*
in use_integer(), param=123
in use_integer(), param=123
var1=123
var2=123
*/

fn use_vector(param: Vec<i32>) {
    println!("in use_vector(), param={:?}", param);
}

fn main() {
    let var1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
    let var2 = var1;                // the value in var1 is MOVED into var2
    // use_vector(var1);            // error, value borrowed here after move
    use_vector(var2);               // the value in var2 is MOVED into param
    // println!("var1={:?}", var1); // error, value borrowed here after move
    // println!("var2={:?}", var2); // error, value borrowed here after move
}
/*
in use_vector(), param=[1, 2, 3]
*/

fn use_vector(param: Vec<i32>) {
    println!("in use_vector(), param={:?}", param);
}

fn main() {
    let var1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
    let var2 = var1.clone();  // a CLONE of var1 is made, then MOVED into var2
    use_vector(var1.clone()); // a CLONE of var1 is made, then MOVED into param
    use_vector(var2.clone()); // a CLONE of var2 is made, then MOVED into param
    println!("var1={:?}", var1);
    println!("var2={:?}", var2);
}
/*
in use_vector(), param=[1, 2, 3]
in use_vector(), param=[1, 2, 3]
var1=[1, 2, 3]
var2=[1, 2, 3]
*/

fn use_vector(param: &Vec<i32>) { // a SHARED-REFERENCE to a vector is expected
    println!("in use_vector(), param={:?}", param);
}

fn main() {
    let var1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
    let var2 = &var1;  // var2 is a SHARED-REFERENCE to the vector in var1
    use_vector(&var1); // a SHARED-REFERENCE to the vector is passed
    use_vector(var2);  // a SHARED-REFERENCE to the vector is passed
    println!("var1={:?}", var1);
    println!("var2={:?}", var2);
}
/*
in use_vector(), param=[1, 2, 3]
in use_vector(), param=[1, 2, 3]
var1=[1, 2, 3]
var2=[1, 2, 3]
*/

fn use_vector(param: &mut Vec<i32>) { // an EXCLUSIVE-REFERENCE to a vector is expected
    println!("in use_vector(), param={:?}", param);
    param.push(8); // mutate the vector
}

fn main() {
    let mut var1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
    use_vector(&mut var1); // an EXCLUSIVE-REFERENCE to the vector is passed
    // ~~~ exclusive borrow of var1 by var2 starts here ~~~
    let var2 = &mut var1;  // var2 is an EXCLUSIVE REFERENCE to the vector in var1
    var2.push(9);          // mutate the vector
    use_vector(var2);      // an EXCLUSIVE-REFERENCE to the vector is passed
    println!("var2={:?}", var2);
    // ~~~ exclusive borrow of var1 by var2 stops here ~~~
    println!("var1={:?}", var1);
}
/*
in use_vector(), param=[1, 2, 3]
in use_vector(), param=[1, 2, 3, 8, 9]
var2=[1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 8]
var1=[1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 8]
*/

struct Element {
    value: f64,
    next_value: Option<f64>,
}

fn adjust_next_values(elements: &mut [Element]) {
    for elem in elements.iter_mut() {  // .iter_mut() ~~> iterate as mutable
        // !!! error, cannot borrow `*elements` as immutable
        // !!!        because it is also borrowed as mutable
        for other in elements.iter() { // .iter() ~~> iterate as non-mutable
            if !std::ptr::eq(other, elem) { // avoid self interaction
                // ... now we can update elem depending upon other ...
                if other.value > elem.value {
                    let update_next =
                        if let Some(next_value) = elem.next_value {
                            other.value < next_value
                        } else {
                            true
                        };
                    if update_next {
                        elem.next_value = Some(other.value);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mut elements: Vec<_> = [2.3, 7.5, 4.4, 1.8, 6.7]
        .into_iter()           // consume these arbitrary values
        .map(|value| Element { // produce an Element for each of them
            value,
            next_value: None,
        })
        .collect();            // collect these Elements into a vector
    adjust_next_values(&mut elements);
    for e in elements.iter() {
        println!("{} ~~> {:?}", e.value, e.next_value);
    }
}
/*
!!! this example is rejected by the compiler !!!
*/

use std::cell::RefCell;

struct Element {
    value: f64,
    next_value: Option<f64>,
}

fn adjust_next_values(elements: &[RefCell<Element>]) {
    for elem_cell in elements.iter() { // .iter() ~~> iterate as non-mutable
        let mut elem = elem_cell.borrow_mut(); // however, we obtain a mutable access to this element
        for other_cell in elements.iter() { // .iter() ~~> iterate as non-mutable (again!)
            if !std::ptr::eq(other_cell, elem_cell) { // avoid self interaction
                let other = other_cell.borrow(); // obtain an immutable access to this other element
                // ... now we can update elem depending upon other ...
                if other.value > elem.value {
                    let update_next =
                        if let Some(next_value) = elem.next_value {
                            other.value < next_value
                        } else {
                            true
                        };
                    if update_next {
                        elem.next_value = Some(other.value);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    let elements: Vec<_> = [2.3, 7.5, 4.4, 1.8, 6.7]
        .into_iter()               // consume these arbitrary values
        .map(|value| {
            RefCell::new(Element { // produce an Element for each of them
                value,             // (embedded in a RefCell)
                next_value: None,
            })
        })
        .collect();                // collect these Elements into a vector
    adjust_next_values(&elements);
    for rc in elements.iter() {
        let e = rc.borrow();
        println!("{} ~~> {:?}", e.value, e.next_value);
    }
}
/*
2.3 ~~> Some(4.4)
7.5 ~~> None
4.4 ~~> Some(6.7)
1.8 ~~> Some(2.3)
6.7 ~~> Some(7.5)
*/